Molds are fungal growths that reproduce asexually by means of spore formation. Their basic body consists of a threadlike growth called the mycelium, which sends out branches called hyphae. It is in the tips of these hyphae that spores are formed.

Molds are saprophytic in nature – i.e., they depend on dead and decaying organic matter for their nutrition. They are found growing on rotting fruits and vegetables, on decomposing bread and biscuits, and on damp walls and ground. Mushrooms and bracket fungi are close relatives of molds; they all belong to the plant group of fungi.

The interrelation of molds with mankind has been closely studied. Molds are perennially found in all human habitats, which include homes, offices, schools, etc. Their favorite places of growth are kitchens, leaky ceilings, bathrooms and toilets. Molds can be both harmless and harmful. In fact, the lifesaving drug penicillin is made from the mold Penicillium notatum. Molds also find many functions in the food and beverage manufacture industry. Cheese, black tea and sausages are some foods that are made using molds. A typical type of mold, Neurospora crassa, is used for botanical study in laboratories.

However, the harm done by molds vastly outnumbers their benefits. Several strains of molds, such as Aspergillus and Stachybotrys chartarum, are toxic. Toxic molds release poisonous secondary metabolites in the air, called mycotoxins. Mycotoxins can severely and adversely affect human health. Some disorders produced by toxic molds are asthma attacks, allergies, chronic bronchitis, heart seizures, lupus, fibromyalgia and even cancer. Molds also interfere with the mental development of children and may lead to amnesia in adults.

Concern about the rampant growth of molds is widely increasing in the wake of the hurricane disasters. Since molds propagate rapidly in damp conditions, several homes are infested with mold. Authorities are undertaking serious remedial measures. Air testing is being done to check the spread of the fungus. One of the treatment measures involves treating mold strains with bleach, as molds die in contact with chlorine. Treatment with ammonia has also proved to be beneficial.

However, mold prevention first begins at home. Molds thrive in humid conditions. Hence, the disposal of any accumulated water is the preliminary step. All leakages must be mended and water must not be allowed to clog anywhere. Molds have a typical musty odor. If this odor is detected, there must be an immediate and thorough investigation of the source.