The American Academy of Sleep says, "Good nighttime sleep at a very early age may help kick-start cognitive development and give kids a leg-up in school. The amount of nighttime sleep - not daytime naps - is the key component to advanced executive function in children."

Apnea is a broad term which encompasses breathing disturbances. Adult sleep apnea results from the collapse of the upper airway during inspiration. This is the result of decreased neurologic drive from the brain to dilate the upper airway muscles while asleep. And while the causes of sleep apnea may differ between children and adults, symptoms can be quite similar.

What are the symptoms of pediatric sleep disorder breathing?

On occasion children may demonstrate adult symptoms such as:

• Snoring

• Tiredness

• Dry mouth in the morning

• Restless sleep

• Sweaty sleep

In children, however, manifestations of sleep deprivation due to any cause, including sleep disordered breathing, is quite different from adults and includes:

• Inattention

• Hyperactivity

• Impulsivity

• Social difficulties

• Disruptive behavior

• Bad grades

With treatment to eliminate sleep apnea, these outcomes can be reversed and your child can resume his or her healthy and productive developmental years. Treatment of sleep apnea also prevents the strain placed on the heart and lungs by recurrent drops in oxygen and repeated awakenings during the night, which can result in hypertension and heart disease.

What types of sleep disordered breathing are seen in children?

The types of sleep disordered breathing most often found in children are:

• Obstructive sleep apnea

• Central sleep apnea

• Upper airway resistance syndrome

• Simple snoring

• Apnea of infancy

• Obstructive hypoventilation

The frequency of each disorder is dependent on the age of the child.

Newborns and Infants

During fetal development (before birth) your child's brain slowly matures to a point that it can orchestrate control of breathing. However, it is sometimes the case that the brain does not mature fast enough and control of breathing is not ideal. The result is apnea of infancy.

This manifests as pauses in breathing that can be accompanied by drops in blood oxygen levels. This process may go on for several years following birth in some children. If you notice your infant or young child experiencing prolonged pauses in breathing, consultation with a sleep specialist can clarify if there is anything to be concerned about. If apnea of infancy is discovered, additional workup may be required and supplemental oxygen or medications may be prescribed while the child is periodically monitored to ensure that nature takes its course and the problem corrects itself with maturation of the brain.

Also during fetal development the jaw sometimes starts off undersized relative to the tongue. When this is the case, pauses in breathing associated with noisy breathing may occur.

This suggests that the tongue may be blocking off the airway while the child is asleep. In this circumstance a sleep specialist should be consulted. The severity of obstructive sleep apnea can be monitored and treated if necessary. Ultimately the final outcome for these children is generally positive as jaw growth catches up with the rest of the body during the first year of life and resolution of obstructive sleep apnea is achieved.

Toddlers and Pre-schoolers

During these years the rate of growth of the tonsils and adenoids can overwhelm the child's relatively small upper airway with resulting obstruction during sleep. Occasionally this manifests as pauses in breathing (or obstructive sleep apnea of childhood), but more commonly the increased airway resistance results in obstructive hypoventilation without the occurrence of discrete apneas. The increased work of breathing results in poor quality sleep and a poorly rested child. The only way this can be diagnosed is with a special type of sensor known as an esophageal pressure monitor, which measures the work of breathing required to overcome upper airway resistance. Treatment is often achieved by removal of the tonsils and adenoids.

School kids and adolescents

While tonsil and adenoid enlargement may still play a role in sleep disordered breathing in this age group, these children are becoming young adults and can demonstrate obstructive sleep apnea, as seen in adults. In this setting surgical removal of tonsils and adenoids may not resolve the obstructive sleep apnea and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be recommended. This involves the use of a nose mask to deliver air pressure to the upper airway to "stent" it open and prevent its collapse.