The Law

The number of computers in the workplace has increased rapidly over the last few years and it is now quite normal for most staff in voluntary organisations to be exposed to computer usage. The Health and Safety at Work Act lays down legal standards for computer equipment and requires employers to take steps to minimise risks for all workers. Workers have received substantial damages for injuries caused through use of computers where the employer could have foreseen the risk but did nothing about it. The main regulations covering the use of computer equipment include:

• Health & Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992
• Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1992
• Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992
• Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

Improving health and safety practice should be taken seriously, although it need not take much time or expense. Measures employers should take include:

• Understanding the law - make sure someone in your organisation has a health and safety brief covering all areas, not just computers.
• Being aware of the health risks - the government officially recognises some of the risks although there are some grey areas you'll need to make up your own mind about.
• Assessing the risks - using procedures set out in the law - be systematic and get help if you need it. Get a health and safety audit done by a competent organisation if necessary.
• Taking steps to minimise the risks - this may only involve taking simple measures.
• Training all users to recognise the risks - if people aren't aware of the dangers they can't take adequate precautions to protect their health.
• Taking users views seriously - if users feel there is something wrong there often is.

The Risks

With the increase in computer use, a number of health and safety concerns related to vision and body aches and pains have arisen. Many problems with computer use are temporary and can be resolved by adopting simple corrective action. Most problems related to computer use are completely preventable. However it is important to seek prompt medical attention if you do experience symptoms including:

• continual or recurring discomfort
• aches and pains
• throbbing
• tingling
• numbness
• burning sensation
• or stiffness

Seek help even if symptoms occur when you are not working at your computer.

Laptop computers can present particular problems due to small screens, keyboards and inbuilt pointing devices (e.g. a small portable mouse or touchpad). Prolonged use of laptops should be avoided. If using a laptop as a main computer (i.e. use as a normal desktop computer in addition to use as a portable), it is advisable to use the laptop with a docking station. This allows an ordinary mouse, keyboard and monitor to be used with the laptop. The main risks associated with using computers include:

• Musculoskeletal problems
• Eye strain and a greater awareness of existing eye problems

Rashes and other skin complaints have also been reported, although it is thought these are caused by the dry atmosphere and static electricity associated with display units rather then by the display units themselves. There are potential risks from radiation though this is a contentious area.

Prevention is better than cure

Several relatively straightforward precautions can be taken by computer users to avoid problems.

Musculoskeletal problems

These can range from general aches and pains to more serious problems and include:

• Upper limb disorders such as repetitive strain injury (RSI) tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome - by far the most important as it can quickly lead to permanent incapacity
• Back and neck pain and discomfort
• Tension stress headaches and related ailments

These types of problem can be caused by:

• Maintaining an unnatural or unhealthy posture while using the computer
• Inadequate lower back support
• Sitting in the same position for an extended period of time
• An ergonomically poor workstation set up Avoiding Musculoskeletal problems

General precautions to avoid musculoskeletal problems include:

• Taking regular breaks from working at your computer - a few minutes at least once an hour
• Alternating work tasks
• Regular stretching to relax your body
• Using equipment such as footrests, wrist rests and document holders if you need to
• Keeping your mouse and keyboard at the same level
• Avoiding gripping your mouse too tightly - hold the mouse lightly and click gently
• Familiarise yourself with keyboard shortcuts for applications you regularly use (to avoid overusing the mouse)

It is also important to have your workstation set up correctly. Your workstation includes monitor, keyboard, mouse, seating, desk, and where appropriate, footrest (to enable you to put your feet flat if they would otherwise not reach the floor), wrist rest, and document holder. Monitors should:

• Swivel, tilt and elevate - if not use an adjustable stand, books or blocks adjust the height
• Be positioned so the top line of the monitor is no higher than your eyes or no lower than 20ТА below the horizon of your eyes or field of vision
• Be at the same level and beside the document holder if you use one
• Be between 18 to 24 inches away from your face

Keyboards should:

• Be detachable and adjustable (with legs to adjust angle)
• Allow your forearms to be parallel to the floor without raising your elbows
• Allow your wrists to be in line with your forearms so your wrists does not need to be flexed up or down
• Include enough space to rest your wrists or should include a padded detachable wrist rest (or you can use a separate gel wrist rest which should be at least 50 mm deep)
• Be placed directly in front of the monitor and at the same height as the mouse, track ball or touch pad

Chairs should:

• Support the back - and have a vertically adjustable independent back rest that returns to its original position and has tilt adjustment to support the lower back
• Allow chair height to be adjusted from a sitting position
• Be adjusted so the back crease of the knee is slightly higher than the pan of the chair (use a suitable footrest where necessary)
• Be supported by a five prong caster base
• Have removable and adjustable armrests
• Have a contoured seat with breathable fabric and rounded edges to distribute the weight and should be adjustable to allow the seat pan to tilt forward or back

Tables and desks should:

• Provide sufficient leg room and preferably be height adjustable
• Have enough room to support the computer equipment and space for documents
• Be at least 900 mm deep
• Have rounded corners and edges