As a universal language, mathematics transcends borders and cultures, and Thailand is no exception. The rich history of Thai mathematics resulted from influences from neighboring regions such as India, China, and Korea, contributing to its unique characteristics, historical significance, and contemporary contributions to the field.

Research findings by Nualnirum (2019) suggest that traditional Thai mathematics shares the same inductive logic as Indian, Arabic, and Chinese mathematics. While Indian mathematicians primarily influenced Thai computational rules, ancient Chinese mathematicians introduced only a few concepts. However, Thai mathematics distinguishes itself by expressing conclusions as general rules, using its form of inductive logic, which sets it apart from Western mathematics. Overall, this research highlights the distinct characteristics of traditional Thai mathematics, its reliance on induction, and its historical connections to Indian and Chinese mathematical traditions. These findings exemplify how its neighboring regions influenced Thai mathematics.

Thailand's mathematical traditions with its religious and cultural practices are intertwined. With the arrival of Buddhism in Thailand during the 3rd century BCE, concepts like numerical symbolism and geometric designs were introduced, laying the foundation for mathematical exploration. The ancient Thai civilization recognized the importance of mathematics in various aspects of daily life, ranging from trade and agriculture to architecture and astrology.

Geometry plays a pivotal role in Thai mathematics, particularly in architecture. Thailand's iconic temples and palaces, such as the Grand Palace and Wat Arun, are celebrated for their intricate and symmetrical designs that reflect geometric principles. Thai architects and artisans excel at combining mathematical precision with aesthetic beauty, resulting in visually stunning structures that testify to their mathematical prowess. The concept of sacred geometry, which seeks to harmonize proportions and spatial relationships, is deeply embedded in Thai architectural traditions.

In modern-day Thailand, Arabic numerals are widely used, reflecting Westernization's influence and integration into various aspects of Thai society. However, the origins of traditional Thai numerals can be traced primarily to Chinese sources. Numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 have their roots in "Middle Chinese," and their pronunciation resembles those used by Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. Additionally, there are similarities between the written numerals of Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia (Khmer), which can be attributed to the geographical proximity of these countries and their shared cultural heritage spanning thousands of years. The numeral 5, on the other hand, originates in "Old Chinese." Although there are subtle variations in the shapes of numerals among these regions, they have naturally evolved over hundreds of years through etymology.

Mathematical concepts permeate Thai art, known as "Silapa," which comes from an Indian word meaning "sculpture," "statue," and "work of art." These concepts manifest themselves in various patterns and forms. From the delicate symmetry in traditional Thai textiles to the intricate motifs carved into wooden structures, mathematics is deeply woven into Thailand's artistic expressions. Concepts such as tessellations, fractals, and symmetry find their place in diverse art forms, showcasing the complex interplay between mathematics and aesthetics. Thai artisans demonstrate a profound understanding of mathematical principles, creating captivating designs that mesmerize viewers.

The intricate design of geometric shapes and patterns is also present in their Nang Yai (Shadow puppet show). A significant collection of Nang Yai puppets, primarily created during the reigns of King Mongkut (Rama IV) from 1851 to 1868 and King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) from 1868 to 1910, is well-preserved in museums, temples, and foreign collections. These puppets can be found in prominent locations such as Wat Plubplachai, Wat Prasuk, and Wat Bang Noi, as well as institutions like Nakorn Si Thammarat National Museum, Chaiya National Museum, The National Theatre, Somdet Phra Narai National Museum, and The Antique Treasury. Notably, a collection of 130 puppets from the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) between 1946 and 2016, inspired by the Phra Nakhon Wai collection created during King Rama II's reign (1809-1824), is displayed. These puppets were primarily used for performances during King Rama IX's era and are occasionally brought out for special occasions while being preserved for posterity.

Thailand has taken significant steps to promote mathematics research and education by establishing two national centers dedicated to these fields. The report provides a comprehensive list of research interests and the names of mathematicians actively involved in these areas. The country benefits from solid professional societies that contribute to advancing mathematics and mathematics education. However, there are specific aspirations for further development, such as increasing exchange programs for postgraduates, focusing on nurturing talented students and securing more significant government support in budget allocation.

The objective of the mathematics curriculum in schools, as outlined by NCTM (1989, 2000) and the core curriculum of Basic Education 2008 in Thailand, emphasizes the importance of mathematical connections. The curriculum focuses on enabling students to study Mathematics continuously based on their potential, encompassing key areas such as Number and Operation, Measurement, Geometry, Algebra, Data Analysis, and Probability. In traditional classrooms, lectures and textbook exercises were predominant, often emphasizing a single correct answer and lacking opportunities for students with different competency levels to engage in activities.

Thai Mathematics Textbooks predominantly focused on skill practice and rule-based exercises, hindering the promotion of Mathematical connections among students. The need for problem-solving activities and fostering connections was highlighted, emphasizing the importance of teachers providing students with opportunities to develop connections and impressions within problem situations.

Mathematics education in Thailand has witnessed substantial developments over the years. The country strongly emphasizes cultivating a solid mathematical foundation within its education system, enhancing teaching methods, and revising the curriculum. Thai schools and universities offer comprehensive mathematics programs, ensuring a well-rounded education. Thailand hosts various mathematics competitions and Olympiads at the national and international levels. These competitions foster a culture of mathematical excellence among students and encourage them to pursue careers in mathematics and related fields.

In conclusion, Thailand's mathematical heritage stands as a testament to the country's rich cultural and intellectual history. From developing numerical systems to integrating mathematics into art, architecture, and scientific research, Thailand's contributions to mathematics are unique and influential. The historical significance of Thai mathematics, combined with its contemporary advancements and emphasis on mathematics education, ensures the continued growth and development of the field. As research, education, and the exploration of mathematical concepts continue to advance across various domains, Thailand's mathematical legacy will endure for generations.