Sunday Morning, December 7, 1941.

This Sunday morning unfolded like any other. There was a quiet breeze across the ship's bow, and sun-kissed waves lapped against the hull of the USS Oklahoma. The scent of coffee, crisp bacon, and fried eggs drifted through the mess deck,  mingling with the salty ocean air. It was a rare moment of calm at Pearl Harbor in the otherwise rigorous rhythm of Navy life.

He adjusted a row of chairs on the deck for the morning church service, his thoughts wandering to home, Ohio, and his sweetheart Rebecca. In a short time, the Navy had grown on him, the bond was strong, the discipline sharpening his resolve. Despite that, the teenager still longed for home, especially for Rebecca.

Always eager to be involved, Slim loved his time aboard the USS Arizona. Eight weeks of training had prepared him for this life, and he enthusiastically embraced it.

Sunday mornings meant deck maintenance, breakfast with shipmates, and the ever-reliable 8:30 church service. Nicknamed by his shipmates because of his small size, Slim was excited to see where the Navy took him. He hoped that it would be his family.

Below deck, in training a recent high school class salutatorian, now toiled in the boiler room, the heat wrapping around him like a suffocating embrace. He had hoped for an office assignment, something cleaner, more mundane, and not dangerous, or hot. But this was his duty, and his shipmates—hardworking, brash, and loud—had found ways to pull him into their camaraderie despite his quiet nature.

Deafening Roar Shatters the Calm

Then, without warning, chaos erupted. A deafening roar shattered the calm. The sky, once a peaceful canopy of blue, was consumed by the mechanical howls of enemy aircraft. Explosions rippled across the harbor, sending men scrambling, shouting, and running for cover that did not exist. Pearl Harbor was drowned in smoke, fire, shattered steel, and broken bodies.

In just moments, everything had changed. The quiet of the morning was gone, and 2403 young American servicemen and women were dead, and 1178 others were wounded. The Japanese attack lasted less than two hours but did enormous damage. The Japanese destroyed or damaged a total of  357 aircraft and 20 ships, including 8 battleships.  It was December 7, 1941, at 7:55 am. 

[caption id="attachment_8976" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Service members killed on December 7, 1941, from left to right: Mervyn Bennion, USS West Virginia; David Crossett, USS Utah; J. B. Miller, USS Tennessee; Archie Callahan, USS Oklahoma; and Hubert Aaron, USS Arizona.  Courtesy of the National Park Service.[/caption]

Days Before the Attack

In the days leading up to the attack, tensions were high, characterized by intense diplomatic exchanges and conflicting reports in the media. American news outlets reported on  Japan’s agressivie troop movements into Indochina, raising concerns about a potential coordination between Tokyo and Nazi-aligned Vichy France. Meanwhile, Japanese officials portrayed their actions as necessary defensive measures.

In the December 5, 1941, edition of the Greensboro Daily News, the Japanese rejected the American peace plan and characterized the negotiations "as lacking sincerity from the U.S." 

Under a military regime, Japan planned to reshape East Asia, but felt it was hindered by foreign opposition—namely, the United States.

The Riverside Daily Press echoed concerns about Japan's military buildup in Indochina, "estimating that over 100,000 troops were amassing in the region." 

While American officials saw these movements as preparations for military conflict, Japan argued that such troop concentrations aligned with existing agreements. 

One of Japan's spokespeople insisted that further discussions with the U.S. were pointless unless sincerity was present, a theme in Japanese newspapers. American Secretary of State Cordell Hull was accused of falsely portraying Japan's actions as imperialistic. Tokyo maintained that its policies were "misunderstood rather than aggressive".

American Diplomacy

On the American side, President Franklin D. Roosevelt demanded that Japan withdraw from China and all occupied areas of East Asia. Additionally, our terms required that Japan immediately sever all connections with the Axis powers. Until all the terms were met,  Roosevelt's administration froze all Japanese assets and shut off oil and gas exports to their country. This action severly damaged Japan's military expansion. 

Oil suddenly became Japan's paramount issue. Although Japan had stockpiled oil and gas reserves,  it had enough for about one year.  Nearly 90% of its oil and gas was imported from the U.S., Great Britain, and the Netherlands, which had also shut off their exports to Japan. Time was running out for Japan to "reshape East Asia." 

Japanese Diplomacy

Japanese officials suggested that there was still a chance of the two nations coming together diplomatically. This was a charade to buy time. 

The Roanoke World News  "peace formula might yet be found despite new threats of armed action in the South Seas."

Despite outward diplomatic gestures, Japan's true motives remained contradictory. It presented itself as a victim of American aggression while signaling military readiness.  Suspicious of Tokyo's intentions, the United States maintained that Japanese expansion had to be stopped.

While Japanese officials continued engaging with Washington, behind the scenes, their military was already finalizing preparations for a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor—an operation designed to strike before American forces could react.

The press, politicians, and military analysts had all seen the warning signs.  Why wasn't the Naval base at Pearl Harbor prepared? 

[caption id="attachment_8980" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] Japanese envoys in Washington talk "Peace" as their nation attacks Pearl Harbor. Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura and Saburo Kurusu as they leave the US State Department in Washington, having just completed conversations concerning the maintenance of peace. This image is in the Public Domain.[/caption]

The Surprise Attack:

The Japanese strike force traveled over 3500 miles from Hitokappu Bay which was off Japan’s coast to within 200 miles of Oahua. The force consisted of 6 aircraft carriers, 353 aircraft, many of which were dive bombers or torpedo planes, 2 heavy cruisers, 2 battleships,  and nine destroyers. The attack consisted of two waves of assault, each lasting about an hour. A third wave of attack was rejected as the Japanese military believed they had fulfilled their objectives.

What went wrong at Pearl Harbor?

Overconfidence. Many high-ranking U.S. military leaders were certain Pearl Harbor was untouchable. Here is why:

 Location: Hawaii’s position in the Pacific was perceived as an unlikely military target because of its vast distance from mainland Japan. 

 Military Presence: The U.S. Pacific Fleet, considered a powerful military asset of ships and airplanes, and would deter any potential aggressor.

Underestimated Japan: U.S. officials failed to believe that Japan would risk attacking a much larger nation. 

Complacency: Despite Washington’s warnings about a possible attack, the Navy did not consider them credible. They thought the base at Pearl Harbor was safe. 

[caption id="attachment_9007" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Scene on the southeastern part of Ford Island, looking northeasterly, with USS California (BB-44) in right center, listing to port after being hit by Japanese aerial torpedoes and bombs. Official U.S. Navy Photograph, now in the collections of the National Archives.[/caption]

Lack of Readiness:

All the aircraft on the base were parked wingtip to wingtip to prevent sabotage from local rebels. The airplanes became easy targets for Japanese bombers.

1. Not expecting an attack, the airplanes were not fully fueled or armed. In a short amount of time, the Japanese bombers were able to destroy 188 American aircraft and badly damaged another 159.

2. Additional equipment and base personnel had not been prepared or trained for an attack. The ammunition was locked up and located at another location.

3. This lack of readiness meant that even the planes that survived the attack were unable to launch a counteroffensive quickly.

Intelligence Failures:

1. The Navy’s radar system identified a large group of incoming aircraft approaching the base. This was dismissed as American aircraft not Japanese bombers. The Japanese attack had already begun when the mistake was realized.

2. On the day before the attack, a cryptologist intercepted a Japanese message about the movements and berthing positions at Pearl Harbor. This became a fatal delay when the cryptologist gave the message to her superior. The superior promised to "get back" with her on Monday, December 8, 1941.

[caption id="attachment_9008" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Port quarter view from shore of the USS NEVADA underway during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as huge clouds of smoke stream from buring ships along "Battleship Row" in background; December 7, 1941...Credit: Unknown. (Smithsonian Institution[/caption]

Why Were We Not Prepared?

It is impossible to understand all the reasons. The Japanese military machine was a ticking time bomb, and an attack on a U.S. military asset was inevitable.  The tremendous losses of souls and military assets could have easily been considerably less.

Overconfidence

The overriding theme of the U.S. military was one of overconfidence that evolved into a policy of complacency. This was all reflected in the unreadiness of the naval base as well as the mistakes made when interpreting enemy intelligence.

FDR's Decision to Move the Fleet to Pearl Harbor

A year before the attack FDR moved the Pacific Fleet 2600 miles from San Diego, California, to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Roosevelt felt that relocating the fleet would be a significant deterrent out in the Pacific and halt the spread of Japanese imperialism.

Admiral James O. Richardson

The base commander, however, was Admiral James O. Richardson, felt very differently, communicating to Washington and sometimes directly to Roosevelt that moving the fleet was not wise. Richardson said that placing the fleet at Pearl Harbor would likely make the Japanese feel threatened.

Admiral Richardson followed his orders,  but continued to voice his objections that the fleet was both undermanned and undersupplied. He made it known that having the Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor would not create a deterrent against Japanese aggression, but make the Fleet a target, and “a sitting duck.”

The fact that the Pearl Harbor base was unprepared and not war-ready was not a secret. Despite making the correct assessment, Richardson was relieved of his command and demoted.

Kimmel and Short

Admiral Husband Kimmel replaced Admiral Richardson, and throughout 1941, leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor, he and Army General Short received several warnings about the potential for a Japanese attack.

Surprise Attack

One notable report, sent early in 1941 by the U.S. Ambassador to Tokyo, specifically warned that the Japanese were planning a “surprise mass attack on Pearl Harbor.” There existed an overwhelming amount of evidence suggesting that an attack was imminent in the region.

Following the disaster, both Kimmel and Short were relieved of their commands, demoted, and retired from military service.

[caption id="attachment_9028" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Admiral Richardson was the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, from January 1940 until February 1941. Takes the oath before giving testimony during a Congressional investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack during World War II. He retired on 1 October 1942, but remained on active duty during the rest of World War II. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph.[/caption]

Both Nations Misread the Other

The attack on Pearl Harbor aimed to destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet and establish Japan as the dominant power in the region. Japan wrongly believed that the United States was committed to its isolationist policy and would seek to avoid war.

Additionally, the Japanese believed that the U.S. was focused on ending the hardships related to the Great Depression and returning economic prosperity to their nation. They hoped that the U.S. would be willing to negotiate a settlement that included lifting the embargo on the oil and gas necessary for their aggressive expansion plans. However, they misjudged the U.S. response. Conversely, the United States underestimated the lengths to which Japan would go to achieve its objectives.

The Question of Blame.

The loss of life at Pearl Harbor was unimaginable. It is, however, not fair or accurate to blame just one or two individuals; rather, the negligence should be shared among many of the decision-makers involved.

It is shocking that, despite numerous credible warnings, the guns at Pearl Harbor were unprepared for use and that the ammunition was stored separately, locked away. Additionally, the designated individuals who had the keys had problems locating the keys initially. The base commanders focused more on the possibility of local sabotage against their airplanes than on the threat of a surprise attack by the Japanese.

By positioning nearly 400 American airplanes closely together, their destruction became inevitable. With the exception of the 3 aircraft carriers, the entire Pacific fleet was docked around Ford Island (Pearl Harbor). The ships were  clustered together, making them easy targets for the Japanese. Why didn’t Washington, specifically President Roosevelt, heed the concerns of Admiral Richardson, a 40-year veteran of the Navy?

The Attack Failed to Achieve its Goal

The Pearl Harbor attack ultimately failed to achieve its primary goal of crippling the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Critical targets, such as oil storage tanks, repair facilities, and dry docks—essential for sustaining naval operations—were left undamaged. Moreover, the main target of the Japanese, the U.S. aircraft carriers, were not present at PearlThe attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese would later prove to be a pivotal mistake that contributed to their eventual defeat in the Pacific War.

 

Pearl Harbor Transcended the Horror into a United American Front

While the attack was a tactical success for Japan in the short term, it ignited a fierce and unified commitment from the United States. This newfound resolve ultimately led to the dismantling of Japanese expansionism and their decisive defeat.

 

Remember Pearl Harbor

 

Pearl Harbor transcended its horrific destruction; it marked a turning point that unleashed the full strength of a nation rallying to defend its values and interests against aggression. The shock of that day erased many long standing divisions that had  existed in the nation and galvanized the American public for a common cause. That cause, of course, was to defeat the enemy and at any cost. Throughout America a battle cry emerged and soon was shared by millions - Remember Pearl Harbor!

Resources:

Various newspaper articles during time period

The National WWII Museum

Pacific Historic Parks

The History of Pearl Harbor - The Best Defense Foundation

Pearl Harbor: From Infamy to Greatness - Craig Nelson

At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor - Gordon W. Prange

Remembering Pearl Harbor: The National Archives

Pearl Harbor Attack - Naval History and Heritage Command - United States Navy